Personal Responsibility By Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay

Personal responsibility is a principle that is educated in elementary school all the way through college; it essentially means taking liability for all your thoughts, emotions, and behavior. Gabriel†©Garcà ­a†©Mà ¡rquez, Columbian novelist, was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1982: â€Å"for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent’s life and conflicts.†( The Nobel Foundation). He was an exceptionally influential writer for including personal responsibility as a prominent theme in many of his short stories. Julio Cortà ¡zar , an Argentine novelist, became well-known for composing short-stories that united existential questions with experimental writing methods in his work. Along with Mà ¡rquez, he included the aspect of personal responsibility in his short stories. Recognizing that you are exclusively accountable for the decisions in y our life, understanding and agreeing that you are responsible for what you decide to feel or believe, giving consent to the reality that you choose the direction for your life and acknowledging that you cannot hold others responsible for the choices you have made are all aspects of personal responsibility. Both of these authors explore the idea that human beings choose, instigate, or cause their own actions; due to this idea each one of us are ethically and morally responsible for our actions and where we end in life is consequently dueShow MoreRelatedChronicle Of A Death Foretold By Gabriel Garcia Marquez1388 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Fake News†: Analyzing Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez’s subtle commentary and use of minor characters through syntax, juxtaposition, and periphrasis Chronicle of a Death Foretold revolves around the reporting of the murder of Santiago Nasar by the author; Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez, who operates under the pretense of impartiality and journalistic integrity to create a subdued commentary through his minor characters. Mà ¡rquez provides commentary on sociopolitical controversies frequent in his portrayed ColumbianRead MoreAttacks on Religious Figures in Chronicle of a Death Foretold, by Gabriel Garcia Marquez907 Words   |  4 PagesIn Columbian culture, society is hierarchical in which authority figures, mainly those involved in religion and justice, are considered to have a great deal of influence and responsibility towards the town they preside over. In Chronicle of a Death Foretold, written by Gabriel Garcia Marquez, Marquez attacks this idea and suggests that these figures are superficial and unimportant. He does this mainly through the religious and judicial figures of the Bishop, priest, police officer and the colonelRea d MoreTaking One More Step Towards Managing the Threats from Cloud Storage1045 Words   |  5 Pagesposition of the technological world and wrote a couple of incisive analysis of cloud storage services. 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Men on the other hand were expected to be physically strong, and take measures to restore theRead MoreChronicle Of A Death Foretold, By Gabriel Garcia Marquez Essay1898 Words   |  8 Pagesan extensively cunning detective, who constantly propagates the symbols of guilt and innocence within the investigation. Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez created Chronicle of a Death Foretold, which remedies these seemingly inhuman elements of the well-known genre. Through the elimination of unknowns, exclusion of a detective, and randomization of the sequential nature of the story, Mà ¡rquez contests cookie-cutter approaches and creates opportunities for powerful discernment. The detective figure is characteristicallyRead MorePrivacy and Marriage in To Room Nineteen, by Doris Lessing1461 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"All human beings have three lives: public, private, and secret.†This quotation can have various interpretations. One main idea which Gabriel Garcà ­a Mà ¡rquez is portraying in this quote is that privacy is vital for a person and gives the individual autonomy and individuality. Without privacy a person would not be able to live normally. However privacy can and is violated in various scenarios, for instance, in marriage. In the story â€Å"To Room Nineteen† written by Doris Lessing the protagonists, SusanRead MoreAn Analytical Essay On Online Privacy1850 Words   |  8 Pagesmedia. Digital media like social medias raises such concerns for users as the unpermitted use of personal information gathered from users online activities and unpermitted release of that information to third parties. Digital privacy in Australia Australia has a specific law for individual privacies that states how most Australian government or private sectors must handle, use and manage personal information. Australia has passed acts in support of privacy. The Privacy Act 1988 states that †¦informationRead MoreDrugs Should be Legalized Essay5001 Words   |  21 Pageswell above cost (Evans and Berent, eds. 22). The second aspect of the quot;Drug Prohibitionquot; that undermines law enforcement is the need for drug users to commit personal property crimes. One-third of the people arrested for burglary and robbery said that they stole only to support their habit, and about 75% of personal property crimes were committed by drug abusers. Studies also suggest that these people, when placed on outpatient drug therapy or sold drugs at a lower price commit muchRead MoreBusiness Communication4988 Words   |  20 Pagesmoral and political. In his essay Politics and the English Language, George Orwell describes the relationship between language abuse and political abuse, how corrupt leaders use the passive voice to obscure the unspeakable truths and shroud responsibility for their actions They say, It must be admitted, now that the report has been reviewed, that mistakes were made, rather than, I read the report, and I admit I made a mistake. Heres a life tool: always apologize in the active voice. (RoyRead MoreHow to Read Lit Like a Prof Notes3608 Words   |  15 Pagespervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities iii. Othello—jealousy iv. Merchant of Venice—justice vs. mercy v. King Lear—aging parent, greedy children, a wise fool 7. †¦Or the Bible a. Before the mid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a

The Kite Tunner Free Essays

In The Kite Runner, even though Hassan remains loyal, forgiving, and good natured, he is still the character who suffers the most. Hassan is a character who is discriminated against from the start of the book, till the very end. He is a part of a poor ethnic group called Hazaras whom are considered victims in the Afghan society. We will write a custom essay sample on The Kite Tunner or any similar topic only for you Order Now Amir and Hassan are half brothers, but because Hassan was a Hazara, he grew up in a hut as a servant working for his own father. Hassan understands his inferiority and accepts it, which causes other people to take advantage of him by betraying him. For example, even though Hassan always stood up for Amir, Amir left Hassan to get raped. Hassan was too scared to stand up for his best friend and believed that Hassan is sacrificing himself for Amir. Not only was the rape an attack physically, but it is also an attack on the victim’s emotions and dignity. In the Kite Runner, Hassan suffers the most pain both physically and mentally by living his life being betrayed, discriminated and losing his family. To start off, Hassan is a poor ethnic Hazara, he is considered inferior to the Afghan society, and therefore is discriminated throughout the whole novel. For example, Hassan and Amir both have the same rich father, but because Hassan was illegitimate and was a Hazara, he grew up as a servant in his father’s hut. With this in mind, Hassan is discriminated by everyone even his own family even the ones who Hassam didn’t even know was his family. Discrimination is so significant in his life that he has accepted the fact that he was born to be hated for his appearance. Hassan’s biological father Baba lies to Hassan and doesn’t even tell him that he is his real father. Despite the fact that Hassan gets discriminated upon, he still remains loyal and forgiving. Another example would be when the Taliban wanted Baba’s house and when they found out that Hassan and his wife were kuvubg u but alone, they wouldn’t listen to him when he tried to explain that Rahim Khan was the owner and they were waiting his return. The Taliban of course shot Hassan and his wife leaving Sohrab alone. The Taliban who show Hassan and his Wife were dismissed from their trial because they said it was self defence. They were dismissed because they have no proof that the Hazaras attacked the Taliban because no one would stand up for Hazaras. With this in mind, Hassan has died In addition, despite the fact that everyone knows that Hassan is good natured, he still is betrayed many times in the story mostly by his best friend Amir. In detail, Amir treats Hassan unfairly even thought he knows that Hassan will be good about it. For example, Amir left Hassan to get raped by Assef in the alley Hassan taught him incorrect meaning of words. Even after Amir betrays Amir, Hassan continues to serve him. and abandoning him even though Hassan saved him countless amounts of time. Amir only does this because When Assef asked Amir why he’s friends with a Hazara, Amir said that he’s his servant and nothing more. Amir didn’t know that Hassan was his half brother, which leads Amir to take advantage of Hassan. Rape is one of the events in the story that happens to Hassan that makes him suffer the most. In this story, rape is not just physically violent, but it is also an attack on the victim’s emotions and dignity. The fact that Hassan didn’t resist just proves his role in society and how he accepts punishment that is given upon him. The rape proves that he doesn’t care about his own suffering Lastly, Hassan suffers by losing the people who were once family to him. Hassan suffers because his half brother Amir is the reason why Hassan and Ali left the house. In fact, Hassan has it tougher than Amir from the beginning. Not only did he lose his mother, his mother rejected him at birth. Sanaubar had taken one glance at the baby in Ali’s arms, seen the cleft lip, and barked a bitter laughter. [†¦ ]. She had refused to even hold Hassan, and just five days later she was gone. (29). This event has left Hassan motherless ever since birth. He is separated from his beloved Amir and Baba whom he spent his whole life with. Another example would be when his mother left and rejected him at birth How to cite The Kite Tunner, Papers

Business Law of Australia

Question: Describe about the business law ofAustralia. Answer: Part A: In Australia, there are several types of laws that apply to a business entity such as statute law, common law, civil law, etc. These govern the acts/operations of entity and protect the rights of the consumers and business entities. In addition to this, there is a legislative structure in Australia that protects the equality and fairness of dealing between customers and a business firm. It is vital for a family-owned seafood restaurant that it should obey the legal rules and regulations to run the business operations smoothly in Australia. Possessors of the restaurant wish to call this restaurant as Great Catch! Therefore, they should consider the appropriate laws, regulators, current and possible legal issues for running the business effectively (Australian Government, 2016). In Australian Property Law, the property of business is classified into three parts such as real property (land, furniture, building, equipment, and leaseholds), personal property (personality and chattels) and intellectual property (design, patent, and trademarks). Besides this, according to the Australian business law, the name of the restaurant can be a type of intellectual property to the owners. However, intellectual property cannot be compiled with the legal laws and regulation. Therefore, it can be said that it comes under the category of the intangible personal property (Australian Law Reform Commission, 2016). Chose in Action law explains that an individual has the right to claim for protecting the intellectual property (IP) of the company. As per this law, the company does not have right to claim on physical possession of intellectual property or intangible personal property. In this context, Great Catch! name cannot be used by another firm because this law provided the rights to the restaurant possessor for protecting the brand name of business. However, it is mandatory for company to get the new name legally registered under law of nation (Caenegem, 2010). Along with this, Australian Corporation Act and business associations permit the registration of trade name. In this way, it can be exemplified that seafood restaurant may protect the brand name and gain the legal rights to use of a unique brand name by registering its trade name in the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC). On the other side, equitable chose in action also provides the equal right to all legal associates to make a claim for protecting the intellectual property. In this way, all legal member of the family owned seafood restaurant have the right to sue over the intellectual property of the restaurant. Furthermore, corporation act provides the valid law to direct the rights related to the trade name of the business. In this way, seafood restaurant landlord may create recognition awareness among customers by giving their restaurant name in the marketplace (Vanhonnaeker, 2015). As per the Australian business law, the trademark is a type of intellectual property that offers unique identification (ID) to the trader. A trademark may be known as brand name, symbol, design etc. Under the trademark act 1995, the owners of seafood restaurant has obligation to register the name of their restaurant as the trademark. This law also provides the legal security to the business entity. In Australia, there is a registrar for registering the trademark and controlling and exercising the legal rights (Caenegem, 2010). Another law is Sales of Goods Act and Australian Consumer Law (ACL) that creates a legal responsibility for the firm. The Sales of Goods Act is applicable in the state and territory borders while ACL is applicable Australia wide. It is mandatory for seafood restaurant to follow the sales of goods act for running business in Sydney (NSW Consolidated Act, 2016). According to this law, all variable property can be sold such as consumer able goods, fixtures, crops etc. Along with this, seafood restaurant may sell the food which is consumer goods (Barnett and Harder, 2014). This legislation standardizes the sales agreement in the Australia. In this way, seafood restaurant has legal power to sell the goods, and make a price and contract in the business. According to this law, the company passes their ownership to the consumer while they sell the goods (Latimer, 2012). Besides this, the company also pass the risk at the time of trade such as damages, losses etc to consumer. For example; a seller sells the perishable goods to the buyer without making knowledge of goods. If the goods are damaged then this contract would be void (Thampapillai, et al., 2015). On the other side, as per the sales of goods act, there is an obligation to buyers to pay at the time of delivery of the goods. Besides this, it can be said that acceptance of goods by the buyer defines the implementation of sales of goods contract. In the case of contradiction in the contract, this legislation provides different remedies to the buyers like denial for goods, an action for damages, equitable remedies for certain performance (Bruce, 2010). Besides this, it can be said that these remedies may create the legal problems for the seafood restaurant. For instance; if seafood restaurant fails to provide quality in food to the consumers then, in this case, consumers can breach the contract and can also take action for indemnity (Australian Government, 2016). Therefore, seafood restaurant should oblige to the sale of a good contract for operating effectively. This gives rights to the customers for replacement, repair, refund and compensation due to the damage and loss. The seafood restaurant is also obliged to comply with this legislation to limit the legal claims and issues. Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) have the power to protect the right of consumers. Consumers have a right to sue for compensation and losses by enforcing the Competition and Consumer Act 2010 (CCA) under the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) (Australian Competition and Consumer Commission, 2016). This act is also known as the consumer assurance law in which consumers have right for replacement, refurbish, refund and reimbursement due to the indemnity and losses. It can be stated that the seafood restaurant is required to act in accordance with this legislation to set the boundary of the legal claims and issues (Malbon and Nottage, 2013). PART: B Various legal obligations occur in the given case. Here to identify the legal remedies and penalties, the intellectual law and sale of the good act are needed to apply on the given case. There are two types of contract condition such as expressed and implied, which are helpful to determine the buyers and sellers obligation. In this context, the express condition is identified at the time of contract formation in given case. But, the implied condition is obligatory through various laws and regulations. Along with this, there is a situation in the implied condition that a seller has the right to sell the property to the buyer after the possession (Morandin and Smith, 2011). The property legislation in Australia states that the seller can transfer their property to the buyer through contract of sale. It is also the authority for the buyer to use that property for his personal use (Guan, 2014). Product condition or description is another implied condition that is associated with a sales contract. However, implied condition is helpful for the buyer. It is because buyer is able to take a detail at the time of purchase goods from the seller as product description. In consequence, the legislative performance of the Australia matched with the seller description. In the given case, it is determined that the manager of Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd played a crucial role in selling the pizza oven or Manny and Bella by describing them full of knowledge about the oven. As a result, Australia legal legislation act provides the right to Manny and Bella for sue on the seller. Furthermore, condition as to quality is an element of the sale of the good act that identifies the legal rights and obligation of the buyer and seller. Quality of goods should fit the purpose of the buyer (Merkin, et al., 2014). The purpose of the buyer is to provide the legal obligation that fulfills the quality needs of the buyer. In the case, Australia sale of the good act defines the legal provisions of the buyer. Therefore, Manny and Bella ask the manager for his required pizza oven. Consequently, manager of Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd assures the oven will bake 30 pizzas in one hour. As a result, in actually pizza oven will bake 12 pizzas in one hour. However, married couple Manny and Bella pays $15000 for pizza oven on the basis of Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd manager description. Thus, the contract is breached between the buyer and sellers. So that according to Australia legislation act Manny and Bella have right to take legal action against the seller (Jones, 2014). In addition, Australia consumer law promotes the consumer protection and trade. As well as, it defines the buyer and seller legal obligation (Douglas, et al., 2014). However, competition and consumer Act of Australia gives the goods guarantee to the buyer at the time of buy goods and service. In consequence, the buyer has a different right against the goods and service guarantee. In the given case, Manny and Bella have bought the pizza oven from Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd that assures the oven will bake the 30 pizzas in on the hour. But actually, oven bakes the 12 pizzas per hour only, which significantly impact the business. It is because married couple faces the loss of the business. Australia consumer act provides the legal authority to the buyer to take legal action again the seller. In this context, married couple can claim for their remedies through replacement, compensation for damage loss and cancellation of the sale of the contract against the seller (Latimer, 2012) Buyer can easily replace the pizzas oven with the seller with the help of replacement legal act. The remedy of cancellation of sales contract means the seller is liable to pay the paid amount to the buyer for the pizzas oven. In the same way, buyer has a legal right through compensation of loss and damage provision of act (Campbell, 2013). Consequently, the married couple can claim the compensation against the pizza loss. For example, pizza firm losses its market and customers due to pizza oven failure to bake the 30 pizzas in an hour. As a result, it will impact on the married couple business and will reduce the goodwill. Therefore, Manny and Bella have the right of monetary compensation from the seller against the loss and damages. Furthermore, the seller has legal right due to an infringement of his registered name. Manny and Bella has neglected the Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd oven and decided to communicate the name of MB Oven in place of actual name of seller (i.e. Tuscan Ovens). Australia legislation has imposed obligations to sell the product by the trade name of the firm (Latimer, 2012). But, married couples have used another name for his personal pizza business, which is helpful to reduce the legal issues. While they are waiting for the delivery of the new pizza oven Manny and Bella advertise the new oven for their restaurant but they decide to refer to it as the MB Oven and not mention the real registered name, Tuscan. It is wrong in the eyes of law. Overall, the Australia legislation in the sale of good act 1923 has provided the legal right to the married couple to take the legal action to Tuscan Ovens Pty. Ltd. So in the given case Manny and Bella have legal right of claims against seller for selling under valued product (i.e. oven) and for loss of business caused due to usage of oven. References Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (2016) Consumer guarantees. Australian Government (2016) Consumer Protection. Australian Law Reform Commission (2016) 7. Property Rights. Barnett, K., and Harder, S. (2014) Remedies in Australian Private Law. England: Cambridge University Press. Bruce, A. (2010) Consumer Protection Law in Australia. USA: LexisNexis Butterworths. Caenegem, W. V. (2010) Intellectual Property Law in Australia. Germany: Kluwer Law International. Campbell, D. (2013) International Consumer Protection, Volume 1. UK: Springer Science Business Media. Douglas, H.,Bartlett,F., Luker, T. andHunter, R. (2014) Australian Feminist Judgments: Righting and Rewriting Law. UK: Bloomsbury Publishing. Fisher, D. E. (2014) Australian Environmental Law: Norms, Principles, and Rules. 3rd edn. Australia: Thomson Reuters Australia, Limited. Guan, H. (2014) The Australian Immigration Book: 2014. Australia: Autonet Pty ltd. Jones, M. (2014) Sustainable Event Management: A Practical Guide. UK: Routledge. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law 2012. Australia: CCH Australia Limited. Latimer, P. (2012) Australian Business Law. Australia: CCH Australia Limited. Malbon, J. and Nottage, L. (2013) Consumer Law and Policy in Australia and New Zealand. Australia: Federation Press. Martin, P. and Kennedy, A. (2015) Implementing Environmental Law. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing. Merkin, R., Hjalmarsson, J., Bugra, A. and Lavelle, J. (2014) Marine Insurance Legislation. USA: CRC Press. Morandin, N. and Smith, J. (2011) Australian Competition and Consumer Legislation 2011. Australia. CCH Australia Limited.

Why is Turkey still not a member of the EU

Introduction Seven years after accession talks for Turkey to the European Union (EU) began, the prospects of membership remain dim. The EU is a union of European states that was formed after decades worth of efforts towards economic and political integration of countries in the continent.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why is Turkey still not a member of the EU specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This Union has led to significant benefits for the member countries due to the good relations enjoyed among member countries. Economic prosperity and political stability have been achieved because of the union. As the membership of the EU has increased, the union has acquired marked political, economic, and financial influence on the global stage and it is now considered a power on its own right. For this reasons, most of the countries in the European continent have been aspiring to join the EU and gain the benefits attach ed to EU membership. Specifically, Turkey has shown great interest in joining the EU with its leaders actively urging EU leaders to include the country in the Union (Teitelbaum Philip 2003). However, the country has been unable to achieve this goal to date. This paper will delve into the political, economic, and cultural reasons that have contributed to the delayed accession of Turkey to the European Union. Reasons for Delayed Accession EU Members Opposition to Turkey Turkey’s economic instability has delayed its accession to the EU. European Union member states enjoy a relatively high standard of living and income per capita. Teitelbaum and Philip (2003) assert that Turkey suffers from an unproductive and unstable economy. Specifically, Turkey suffers from a higher unemployment rate that the average rate in the EU countries. There are fears that if Turkey became a member of the EU, it would be an economic burden to the union since millions of Turks would immigrate to coun tries where there are jobs and higher wages. The EU would also have to make significant monetary investments to bring Turkey at par with the rest of the union. Turkey has been denied accession because of insufficient democracy in the country. Although Turkey has been practicing a multi-party system and free elections since 1950s, the Turkish democracy has not steadily developed over the decades. Specifically, there have been a number of direct military interventions on the political of the country.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Turkey has engaged in democratic reforms in order to meet EU requirements and subsequent membership. However, the rate of political reforms has been very slow. These slow reform process is seen as an indication of Turkey’s unwillingness to comply with EU standards by some EU leaders (Burgin 2010). The EU requires certain values and ideals to be upheld by a country before it gains full membership to the union. One of these ideals is that the candidate country must have good human rights records and treat its citizens (including minority groups) with respect and fairness. Human rights are given a great consideration by the EU and they have grown to become an important dimension of the Union’s foreign relations (Cakmak 2003). The government’s response to the Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) has also been criticized. The harsh treatment of these separatist group and military aggression in dealing with the Kurdish problem has led to a deterioration of human rights performance of Turkey. Celebi (2009) documents that the way Turkey has reacted to the Kurdish problem has become a major obstacle slowing down Turkey’s accession to the EU. Until Turkey’s human rights record becomes as good as stipulated by the EU, the country’s prospects for full membership will remain low. Religion has played a major role in the delayed accession of Turkey to the EU. The EU is made up of countries that have predominantly Christian populations. As a country with a Muslim majority, many European leaders feel that admitting Turkey into the EU would greatly damage the integrity of the union. As it currently stands, Islamic influence in the EU is negligible with Muslim parliamentarians being absent in most countries and in the countries where they are present, they are vastly outnumbered by their non-Muslim counterparts (Pahre Burcu 2009). There are fears that if Turkey gains membership to the EU, the Muslim influence in the union will increase exponentially and therefore damage EU cohesion due to the cultural differences. Some leaders even argue that granting Turkey full membership would open the door for other Muslim nations in the Middle East therefore degenerating the EU into â€Å"nothing more than a free trade community† (Teitelbaum Philip 2003, p.98).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Why is Turkey still not a member of the EU specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The population of Turkey is also a hindrance to the quick accession to the EU. Opponents of Turkey membership state that the EU lacks absorption capacity and including Turkey would overstretch the union (Burgin 2010). At a population of about 67 million as of 2003, the country was projected to be more populous than any EU member state by 2014 (Teitelbaum Philip 2003). This is a very significant factor considering that citizens of any member state are guaranteed the right to move freely to any other EU state and seek jobs there on equal basis with the locals. The threat of mass emigration from Turkey should, it become a member of the EU, is therefore a major consideration by leaders of EU countries. The population of Turkey will also have implications on the EU since it will give the country likely voting weight. Some oppon ents to Turkey’s EU membership argue that this would â€Å"completely change the architecture of the EU† (Pahre Burcu 2009, p.358). Turkish Opposition In addition to the hesitance demonstrated by EU leaders, a segment of the Turkish population is also reluctant to join the EU. Surveys conducted in Turkey concerning EU membership note that support for accession to the EU has been diminishing in recent years (Celebi 2009). Turks have been opposed to the preconditions set by the EU especially concerning its democratic processes. According to some of the country’s leaders, the system in place is respectful to democracy and the excess pressure from the EU is seen as an imposition on Turkey’s internal affairs. Membership to the EU requires Turkey to conform to certain European values and culture. These values have a Western and Christian basis since most European Countries have a Christian background. The imposition of such values has led to a rise in nation alism and conservative reactions against the EU (Pahre Burcu 2009). A segment of the Turkish population wants the country to be able to follow its own norms and not conform with those stipulated by the EU in order to gain membership to the union. Discussion Turkey has been unable to gain EU membership in spite of its 5-decade long effort to do so. This failure has been caused by the opposition to Turkey’s membership by EU leaders and the failure by Turkey to compellingly meet the membership pre-conditions. Some sceptics express doubt as to whether the European Union will be willing to admit Turkey even if the country is able to fulfil all the requirements imposed on it.Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, all this is highly speculative since the country is already engaged in accession talks. Turkey has proved to be a worthy contender for EU membership and has remained a steadfast military partner though NATO. The country would therefore offer much to the EU if granted membership. However, the country will have to engage in significant changes in its political and cultural sphere in order to gain admission to the EU. Conclusion This paper set out to discuss the reasons why Turkey’s full membership to the EU has been delayed. It has pointed out that Turkey’s accession has been delayed based on cultural, economic, and political reasons. The paper has articulated that in addition to economic and political considerations, cultural and religious views are also taken into consideration when considering a country for EU membership. These factors have slowed down the process of Turkey gaining membership to the EU. The paper has also observed that there is also internal opposition to EU membership by some Turk nationalists. However, this internal opposition is limited and majority of the population favour EU membership. The major cause of delay is from the EU member states. While Turkey’s EU ambitions continue to be great, it is hard to predict whether the ambitions will result in full membership considering the many forces opposing Turkey’s accession to the EU. References Burgin, A 2010, ‘Ongoing opposition in the West, new options in the East: is Turkey’s EU accession process reversible?’, Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, vol. 12 no. 4, pp. 417-435. Cakmak, C 2003, ‘Human Rights, The European Union and Turkey’, Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 2 no. 3, pp.63-90. Celebi, N 2009, ‘Opinions of Students at Turkish and German Universities on Turkey in the EU Accession Process’, Educational Sciences: Theory Practice vol. 9 no.2, pp. 475-491 Nisser, S 2009, ‘Be tween Ethnic-Nationalism, Civic-Nationalism and osmopolitanism: Discourses on the Identity of the EU and the Debates on Turkey’s Accession’, Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 8 no. 2, pp. 1-23. Pahre, R Burcu, U 2009, ‘The Myths of Turkish Influence in the European Union’, JCMS, vol. 47 no. 2, pp. 357-384. Teitelbaum, SM Philip, LM 2003, ‘Is Turkey Ready for Europe?’, Foreign Affairs, vol. 82 no. 3, pp. 97-111. This essay on Why is Turkey still not a member of the EU was written and submitted by user Mar1a to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Early Childhood Managers †Early Childhood Development Essay

Early Childhood Managers – Early Childhood Development Essay Free Online Research Papers Early Childhood Managers Early Childhood Development Essay Management in early childhood is a very important aspect that professionals have to deal with everyday. Samson and Daft (2000, p9) define management as ‘the attainment of organizational goals in an effective and efficient manner through planning, organizing, leading and controlling organizational resources’. Whereas Light (1968, p.10) describes management as ‘the body of knowledge about managing and the process of planning, organizing, directing, coordinating and controlling men, materials, machines and money so as to secure the optimum achievement of objectives’. Both concepts of management agree that it has to do with planning and organizing but Light describes it a bit further by saying that it also includes controlling men, materials and machines. Samson and Daft talk about how they have to lead and control organizational resources and that is what management is; it is concerned with the present and the future of the organization. There are five levels of hierarchy of competencies for early childhood managers as Hayden (1996 as cited in Ebbeck and Waniganayake, 2003, p.9) describes. Level 1 is Technical functions, Level 2 – staffing functions, Level 3 – client oriented functions, Level 4 – public relations functions and Level 5 – cultural and symbolic functions and Hayden (1996 as cited in Ebbeck and Waniganayake, 2003, p.10) also points out ‘to be a good manager one has first to be able to perform the technical tasks that are placed at the base of the hierarchy. Only then can one focus on the staffing asp ects including mentoring and inspiring staff and building a team based work environment’. Therefore, any manager that takes care of the management of the service has to deal with the technical aspects like ‘the operations, including purchasing, budgeting, record keeping, hiring and firing staff†¦.’(Ebbeck and Waniganayake, 2003,p.9). Light has described management in detail and even put in the fact that money is also needed to have a good management. However, both concepts do not discuss how management is to monitor quality and improvement and also do not say anything about the people that will be involved in the organization and what part they will play in the management. Management in early childhood is quite different because children that attend the centre might suffer as a result of bad management skills and a developmentally appropriate curriculum is also to be designed for the children and you have to deal with families as well, whereas in other organ izations such as business management, you would not have to deal with these aspects. Managing means to take care of, to run, to supervise, to manage a particular task or organization and both concepts have described ways in which you can do that; planning, organizing, leading, controlling, coordinating. Light also describes that ‘†¦.optimum achievement of objectives’ and recognizes that in management you have to manage in a way so that you can get the best possible results from the objectives. Both concepts agree that managements has to have a set of goals or objectives that you have to achieve and you have to do that in the most convenient and effective way. Research Papers on Early Childhood Managers - Early Childhood Development EssayThe Project Managment Office SystemBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfOpen Architechture a white paperInfluences of Socio-Economic Status of Married MalesDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductResearch Process Part OneLifes What IfsThree Concepts of PsychodynamicPETSTEL analysis of India

Assignment # 2.2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

# 2.2 - Assignment Example portant because patients data will be stored I better way and also activities in the health facility will be done quickly meaning it would be manual or paper work which will need all the information to be in paper form and taken to the next medical professional but will be reflected direct to the professionals computers thus lowering the cost of employment. My advice to Carla is that she should ignore the opening in the other medical facility as a medical assistant because in the future also the facility will endorse this new technology despite been assured by her friend she has not heard any information for her practice joining a network or switching to the EMRs. If Carla decides to stay she should prepare herself mentally so that she may understand the new system and she will be of great help to the practice because of her basic computer skills and also because she is young she will be able to master the new technology faster than her other workmates. If I were her could have remained in the facility. As a healthcare professional, though I will be employed I will always take the work seriously as the owner because this is my passion, my career and I would like to see it in the next level. I will invest my time and resources to help all those who will be in need of my service at all the time. I will always set standards and examples for my coworkers to follow. I will make all the efforts to see the health care improve. I will always be in the frontline when it comes to reforming the nation’s health care system. Government should be fully be involved in reforming of healthcare services for instances the government should ensure that each citizen who is living beyond the poverty line have free access healthcare, they should also construct more facilities to make easier for patients to access healthcare services. It important for people to have health insurance because it helps in case the patient cost of treatment is huge, it relieves the patients family the

Postmodernism and Media Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Postmodernism and Media - Research Paper Example It would be the harmonious sequencing of details to emerge as one. Postmodernism has influenced some if not all forms of the arts whether performed or written. Others may perceive that postmodernism, in the more modern and in some technological aspect, to be affecting the social media as it could be affecting or contravening the classical capitalism. In this sense, though there is a harmonious mixture of transformation, there are also events that may have affected other aspects of the economy, government or the media itself.2 A theory of postmodernism said to have pronounced the â€Å"end of the real.† With the aim of postmodernist to infuse transformations, it did not claim any exclusion therefore media is not excluded from these changes. A concern that can be brought about this is that the public would be given a very hard task of knowing what is real and what is not. Though this will bring out the instincts and curiosity of the audience, people often have a tendency to beli eve more what is seen rather than what is yet to be discovered through rigorous reading and investigation. There can be various reasons and objectives as to why and what transformations and complexities postmodernism introduce to various media forms.Before, the only thing which could be fictional is the story of a particular movie or series. With the availability of technology, currently it is also possible that the characters in these forms of media can a fictional or an animated one. Maybe during the first few years or decades of postmodernism, the audience were giving their full attention as to knowing what new ideas or innovations would be brought up. This could be the negative effect of technology not just in media but even with postmodernism. As time passes by, people have seen what technology can do to a movie or a series since none of the two are broadcasted or aired live. The film could have been edited, recorded and re-recorded a hundred times. There are instances that the editions and transformations made to the film makes it quite similar to other films earlier produced. This could affect the attention-span of the viewers.5 As Jameson further stated, â€Å"the analogy between media and market is in fact cemented by this mechanism: it is not because the media is like a market that the two things are comparable; rather it is because the â€Å"market† is as unlike its â€Å"concept† (or Platonic idea) as the media is unlike its own concept that the two things are comparable. The media offers free programs with which the consumer has no choice on the content and assortment whatsoever but the selection is then rebaptized â€Å"free choice.†6 Believing what is seen is more convenient for some rather than reading an endless text which could lead no nothingness and further cluelessness. Though the audiences are more intelligent in comparison to audiences from previous decades, there are still those who could not distinguish what is re al and what is not. For some, media will always be the same but not for Bignell as he classified media to be old and new. Elaborating on this idea, Bignell stated that â€Å"

Employee Fraud in the UK Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Employee Fraud in the UK - Essay Example This will ensure that they are correct and functioning in the right manner. 1. The auditors should help the management device means of preventing the fraud. The management should also put an internal control system that will help them prevent and curtail the fraud. This can be achieved by encouraging employees’ rotation in their duties. This will help remove the employee colluding with the customer from her position and hence will not have to give the customer the goods. This will also ensure that there is no collusion among the employees themselves to defraud the organization. To prevent further fraud resulting from the employees colluding with the buyers the organization should also ensure that the employees are paid well and are put under close supervision. They should also mechanize the system and allocate various people specific duties to minimize theft. For example, one worker should be charged with making the products inventory while another one is mandated with collect ing money from the customers. At the end of the day, these two should balance the sales with the money they had gotten to identify any mistakes that would have occurred and when they occurred and who was responsible. The audits should also be carried on a regular basis to ensure that proper records are kept any fraud is identified at an earlier stage. This will make individual employees more responsible and hence avoid the high rates of fraud in the company. 2. The auditors’ should recommend to the company to have honest employees in the supervisory level. The employees should be qualified, competent and efficient. They should also be well remunerated and should be allowed to develop themselves. This will help employees associate with the company and hence reduce the cases of fraud. The management should also make the employees aware of the levels of fraud taking place in the company. They should also conduct surprise internal audit and job rotation so that they can make empl oyees shun from committing irregularities. This will make employees more cautious and hence reduce rates of fraud. The organization should also hire a human resources manager who will hire and fire employees and will regulate the employees pay. The human resource manager will have all the serial numbers documented and clock cards and time sheets that will be used to record time. These clock times and the time sheets will be provided and approved for payments. The payroll should be approved by the top management committee. After the payments have been made, a thorough check should be done on the documents against the payments to ensure that they are in agreement. All the deductions that have been made during the checks should be documented. The monthly payroll should also be reconciled by an independent clerk. 3. The company should restrict the number of people handling the cash and ensure the returns are filed daily. The accounts should also be reconciled frequently, and the clerks handling any cash should be supervised.

Geography and the Development of Human Civilization Essay Example for Free

Geography and the Development of Human Civilization Essay A. Without argument, the most significant geographic or environmental factor of Ancient Egypt to shape early civilization is the Nile River. The Nile has been referred to as lifes blood for the Egyptian civilization. (Fassbender, 2008). To begin understanding how the Nile River was the greatest factor, one must understand a few facts about the River itself. It starts from two separate sourcesÍ ¾ first the lakes of central Africa, called the White Nile, and second the Blue NileÍ ¾ that comes from the mountains of Ethiopia. The Blue Nile and the White Nile come together and flow northward to the Nile delta, starting the 4,000 mile length of the life blood of EgyptÍ ¾ finally spilling into the Mediterranean Sea. The Egyptian climate does not offer much in rainfall, averaging less than 2 inches per year in some areas and non existent in other areas. The early human civilizations were able to farm near the banks of the Nile River with much success compared to the outlying harsh climates of the Sahara and Arabian deserts on both sides of Egypt. Each summer the Nile River would swell as the rain fell and the snow melted in the mountains. Overflowing its banks and lightly flooding the land with fresh water and thick rich deposits of alluvial soil created a land that could yield two harvests before winter (Kreis, 2006)Í ¾ creating an ideal location for early human civilizations to settle and prosper. This flooding of the Nile River did more than create agriculture wealth for the early Egyptians, it also helped create some very early inventions such as the calendarÍ ¾ (Keita, n.d.) created from the expected annual nature of the floods, the end of the second harvest and the 2 winters. The Nile River also gave the people a sense of direction, creating the north, south , east and west concepts we now use. The flow of the Nile is basically south to north and the daily rising and falling of the sun from east to west created a concrete sense of direction for the Egyptians. (Fassbender, 2008). Egypt offered easy access to most of the resources it needed for survival and success which guaranteed the development of a large pop ulation. The promise of a harvest climate, new inventions, security of the deserts on both sides, transportation provided by the river into the sea, the Nile River was the greatest factor creating early civilization for Ancient Egypt. B. Tea is the most popular drink in the world, second only to waterÍ ¾ got its start in China as nothing more than a mere accident and has since traveled the world, started wars, and created millions of dollars for governments and plantation owners. The origin of tea dates back around 4,000 years ago ( History Future  ­ When did people start having tea?, n.d.). According to legend the Chinese Emperor Shen Nong discovered tea in 2737 BC while he was boiling water in the shade of a tree †¦ when a light breeze caused some leaves to fall into the water (Origins of Tea, 2012). The emperor tasted it and thought it was delicious, and so began the tea adventure. At that time, tea was bitter and mostly used for its health properties as a medicine for problems su ch as eyesight and stomach issues. At the end of the fifth century, tea was traded and exported with Mongolian and Turkish merchants. By the eighth century it was exported to far regions like Japan, Central Asia and Tibet. Tea began to spread further west with other foreign traders, missionaries, and ambassadors that were given samples and gifts of it to try and take home for others to try. The first agreement to export and trade tea was between China and 3 Russia. In the mid 1850s, Chinese immigrants heading to Taiwan would bring tea seedlings, tea growing and processing skills and the tea culture with them. In the seventeenth century, green tea was exported into Europe and was mostly used as a medicinal drink due to the bitter taste and the health properties it offered. The Dutch started to buy tea in Japan and China and then shipped it and sold it in France, Germany, and England. The Dutch also introduced tea to New Amsterdam in the 1650s. During this time tea was usually only for the very wealthy because it was so expensive, until the 1750s when it became a more modern drink with more availability for larger gr oups of people. (Saberi, 2010), (Origins of Tea, 2012), and ( History Future  ­ When did people start having tea?, n.d.). In the eighteenth century tea became popular in countries like North America and EuropeÍ ¾ however, China was the only country selling tea to other countries. Chinas tea business was soaring until India stepped into the tea business. When the British started ruling India, they found some tea plants in Assam (found in the North Eastern area of India) and decided that these tea plants had a sweeter taste. Tea plantations started growing in Assam, then Ceylon (now known as Sri Lanka), Sumatra, Java and Formosa. It was discovered that the plants in China grew 5 meters shorter in height than those in IndiaÍ ¾ so the tea business naturally shifted there. This was very good for the British because their demand for the drink was huge, creating a huge deficit for them with China. The British government now had the surplus of tea, from the plantations in India (and the areas around there) and the trade agreements with China. The British now sold to other countries, like North America  ­ on ly they levied a sales tax on the tea leaves that they couldnt sale anywhere else and try to sale to the new American coloniesÍ ¾ this was faced with a fierce resistance  ­ known as the Boston Tea Party. (The Spread of Tea from 4 China, 2012). Tea was first created with a leaf in boiling water, then it was dried and steeped, then as the drink was being traded and sold  ­ tea leaves and buds were dried, pressed and packaged for shipping, including bricks of dried, crushed tea leaves. Each time the seedlings were taken to a new climate or country, new flavors were established and new ways of serving the drink were created. For instance, the Chinese sip it from tiny cups, the Japanese whisk it. In America they serve it iced. The Tibetans add butter. The Russians serve with lemon. Mint is added in North Africa. Afghans flavour it with cardamom. The Irish and the British drink it by the gallon with milk and sugar. The Indians boil it with condensed milk. In Australia it is brewed in a billy can (Saberi, 2010). The diffusion of tea may have started as a bitter, medicinal emperors drink, yet it has traveled the world, been raised or farmed in multiple corners of the globe, transformed from a drink for the wealthy to a world ­ wide drink of choice for all classes and races  ­ from bitter to sweet, from medicinal to being a part of the social sceneÍ ¾ including having restaurants, tea rooms, and clubs created just for the enjoyment of those that want a cup of the worlds most popular drinkTea. C1. One of the environmental factors that contributed to the expansion of the United States was the devastating Dust Bowl of the 1930s. The Dust Bowl, also referred to as the dirty thirties, Black Roller or the Black Blizzard, (Buonanduci, 2009 and Baumhardt, 2003) happened when a severe drought in 1930 to 1936 (to 1940 in some areas) caused extreme dust storms over the prairie lands of Oklahoma, Kansas, Texas, and the border areas of Colorado and New Mexico. When the dust storms hit, visibility was reduced to a few feet or less and millions of farmland became uselessÍ ¾ the storms caused major ecological and agricultural damage to over 5 100,000,000 acres of farmland (Buonanduci, 2009). In addition to a severe drought, the people had over farmed without needed crop rotation or other farming techniques to prevent erosion which then created the inevitable wide ­spread disaster. This coupled with the Great Depression left the government without a lot of options to help the people of the prairie lands who were suffering from extraordinary financial difficulties. In a span of about five years over 500,000 Americans were forced to flee the area. About half of those people headed west to California where many settled into farming the Central Valley and Los Angeles areas. (Simkin, 1997). In response to the devastation of the Dust Bowl, President Franklin D. Roosevelts first 100 days in office (in 1933), were spent creating government programs designed to restore the ecological balance by encouraging diversified agricultural crop production using tested practices and improved tools (Baumhardt, 2003) The Dust Bowl created expansion of the U.S. when hundreds of thousands moved west to California bringing the lessons learned from farming successes and failures with themÍ ¾ it also contributed to the development of the U.S. as the entire country took the essential agricultural lessons learned and established programs to ensure the same mistakes would not be repeated again. C2. The Irish Potato Famine of 1845  ­ 1849 also contributed to the develop ment and expansion of the United States because of the nearly a million Irish that arrived in the United States (Gavin, 2000). The large number of people helped literally develop our county through the blood, sweat, and tears that hard work and desire brings to those making a home of peace and happiness for their families. In the early 17th century, the Irish were quite dependent on food exported from other 6 countries  ­ mainly the potato from America. However, by the 19th century about a third of Ireland was dedicated to potato farming, turning this into Irelands primary cropthe potato supported massive population expansion within Ireland. Within that time, the population doubled from four million to eight million citizens (Hawkes, 2012). The first report of the potato blight was recorded on August 20, 1845, and by October one ­third of the potato crop was lost to the blight. At first there was still enough food for the Irish people despite the potato blight, the problem for most of those who had the diseased crops was the fact that they didnt have enough money to buy other food. The blight reduced the Irish potato harvest by about 30%. This drastic loss caused many farmers to eat the potato seedlings that they were going to plant in the upcoming year. Now the starving people resorted to slaughtering their pigs and cows to keep from starving through the harsh winter, they also knew they wouldnt have food to feed their starving their animals. The situation in Ireland became grim, by this time the blight wasnt spreading any longer, but the farmers werent planting or harvesting enough potatoes to have enough food to feed the people of their country. Lasting about six years, the Irish Potato Famine had killed over a million people from a combination of starvation and diseaseÍ ¾ causing another million people to migrate to the United States (Smith, 2011), (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012). The Irish immigrants came to America to escape the certain death that they faced there, and for a promised future of the American dreamÍ ¾ however, it was not a welcoming place for many, instead it was a brutally hard, unkind and unwelcoming place for many. Boston might have been the hardest and most cruel place for those coming from Ireland, but New York wasnt that much easier in the end. One of the turning points for the unwelcomed Irish people was the Civil WarÍ ¾ over 140,000 enlisted in the Union Army, while those in the South enrolled in the 7 Confederate ranks (Gavin, 2000) and (Hawkes, 2012). The Irish immigrants provided many laborers needed for the backbreaking work that was needed for the American expansion that was happening at that time. The immigrants saw this move to America as permanent and brought over several hundreds of thousands of Irish immigrants during the following decades (Smith, 2011). Politically the Irish now had the numbers to influence votes, welcome at first or not, the Irish people could no longer be ignored. The Potato Famine started as a deadly killer in Ireland, turning into a large exodus of people immigrating to the United StatesÍ ¾ changing the face of the American laborers and changing who was running and winning political offices. The Anti ­Irish sentiment would be quieted at last when an Irish Potato Famine immigrants descendant was elected President of the United States  ­ President John F. Kennedy was that person. He is the great ­grandson of Patrick Kennedy, a farmer from County Wexford who had left Ireland in 1849 (Gavin, 2000). The Irish are considered the first large group of poor refugees to come to the United States and they paved the way for all the many refugees and immigrants that would follow their footsteps. Today, after years of hard work to overcome numerous amount of obstacles to find freedom, peace and happiness  ­ Americans of Irish descent are the third largest ethnic group in the country. Unfortunately, Ireland stayed a very sad place after the famine for decades. (Gavin, 2000). References Baumhardt, R. L. (2003). USDA  ­ The Official Website for The Conservation and Production Research Laboratory DUST BOWL ERA. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.cprl.ars.usda.gov/ Buonanduci, M. (2009, April 27). Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.eoearth.org/view/article/151818/ Fassbender, M. (2008, September 11). Physical Geography Ancient Egypt by Michael Fassbender | Humanities 360. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.humanities360.com/index.php/physical ­geography ­ancient ­egypt ­50663/ Gavin, G. (2000). The History Place  ­ Irish Potato Famine. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from 9 http://www.historyplace.com/worldhistory/famine/ Hawkes, S. (2012, August 28). Fatal Potatoes: The Nineteenth ­Century Irish Potato Famine | US History Scene. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://www.ushistoryscene.com/uncategorized/fatalpotatoes/ History Future  ­ When did people start having tea? (n.d.). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://humantouchofchemis try.com/when ­did ­people ­start ­having ­tea.htm Irish Potato Famine. (n.d.). Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://courses.soomopublishing.com/ Keita, M. (n.d.). Rise of Civilizations and Empires in Mesopotamia. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://history ­world.org/rise_of_civilizations.htm Kreis, S. (2006, October 11). Lecture 3: Egyptian Civilization. Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.historyguide.org/ancient/lecture3b.html Origins of Tea. (2012). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://www.higgins ­burke.com/About ­Our ­Tea/Pages/Origin ­of ­Tea.aspx PBS (2009, November 15). Video: Surviving the Dust Bowl | Watch American Experience Online | PBS Video [Video file]. Retrieved from http://video.pbs.org/video/1311363860/?starttime=1200000 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 2 China. In Tea: A global history (pp. 27 ­41). Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Saberi, H. (2010). Chapter 5 Tea Comes to the West. In Tea: A global history (pp. 85 ­124). 10 Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu/provision/8539375 Simkin, J. (1997, September). The Dust Bowl. Retrieved June 16, 2014, from http://spartacus ­educational.com/USAdust.htm Smith, A. F. (2011). Potato: A global history. Retrieved from http://lrps.wgu.edu/provision/8539677 The Spread Of Tea From China. (2012, September 13). Retrieved June 15, 2014, from http://thespreadofteafromchina.blogspot.com/

Abscisic Acid and Stomatal Closure :: essays research papers

Abscisic Acid and Stomatal Closure Abscisic acid is a single compound unlike the auxins, gibberellins, and cytokinins. It was called "abscisin II" originally because it was thought to play a major role in abscission of fruits. Though ABA generally is thought to play mostly inhibitory roles, it has many promoting functions as well. In 1963, abscisic acid was first identified and characterized by Frederick Addicott and his associates. They were studying compounds responsible for the abscission of fruits (cotton). Two compounds were isolated and called abscisin I and abscisin II. Abscisin II is presently called abscisic acid. ABA is a naturally occurring compound in plants. It is a sesquiterpenoid (15-carbon) which is partially produced via a certain pathway (mevalonic pathway) in chloroplasts and other plastids. Because it is sythesized partially in the chloroplasts, it makes sense that biosynthesis primarily occurs in the leaves. The production of ABA is accentuated by stresses such as water loss and freezing temperatures. It is believed that biosynthesis occurs indirectly through the production of carotenoids. Carotenoids are pigments produced by the chloroplast which have 40 carbons. Breakdown of these carotenoids occurs in a complex mechanism which produces ABA. The transport of ABA can occur in both xylem and phloem tissues. It can also be translocated through paranchyma cells. The movement of abscisic acid in plants does not exhibit polarity like auxins. ABA is capable of moving both up and down the stem. The various roles of ABA are †¢ Stimulates the closure of stomata (water stress brings about an increase in ABA synthesis). †¢ Inhibits shoot growth but will not have as much affect on roots or may even promote growth of roots. †¢ Induces seeds to synthesize storage proteins. †¢ Has some effect on induction and maintanance of dormancy. (This information taken from http://www.plant-hormones.info/abscisicacid.htm) Stomatal Closure †¢ Addition of ABA to the growth medium (a mixture of vermiculite and peat moss) causes the closure of the stomates within 3 h and an increase in the Pos of the protoplasts of the aba1 plants to 50 mm s-1. †¢ Arrival of ABA in the leaves appears to signal stomatal closure as well as a change in the Pos of the plasma membranes. †¢ We hypothesize that under non-stress conditions ABA is required to maintain a population of actively functioning aquaporins at the plasma membrane.

Debate the proposition that employers are more concerned with controlling employee behaviour than they are with eliciting employee commitment. Essay

It can be said that employers have become increasingly concentrated towards controlling employee’s behaviour than endeavouring to attain employee commitment in organisations. Control can be defined as â€Å"To exercise authoritative or dominating influence over† . However this can become controversial when applied to working with people therefore as a countermeasure commitment has been introduced to even the balance. This can be defined as â€Å"a combination of commitment to the organisation and its values and a willingness to help out colleagues (organisational citizenship). It goes beyond job satisfaction and is not simply motivation. Engagement is something the employee has to offer: it cannot be ‘required’ as part of the employment contract. Commitment is therefore intrinsic to the individual employee and difficult to measure what exactly makes each one motivated therefore control should be utilised to a greater extent. This shift to controlling employees rather than endeavouring to ensure that they are committed has led to a majority of staff feeling undervalued and therefore unable to achieve their potential in the workplace. A study has shown that controlling employees has led to a drop in productivity due to the fact that a 26% or three quarters of staff members, feel that they are being manipulated rather than being utilised to their potential . Therefore, this illustrates that companies are now shifting towards compliance from their employees to follow Manager’s directives in lieu of commitment that is attained through the use of de-centralised management e.g. Matrix structures. However if companies therefore wish to therefore use centralised management the possibility for employee commitment is therefore limited. Matrix structures do have the effect of improving commitment as they include no hierarchy and equal standing by those in them however they must be monitored to ensure that they are still effective and not misused  for their less stringent management style and that some structures favoured over others . McGregor’s (1960) XY theory is a method to illustrate the management style of an organisation to determine whether it favours control or commitment from its workforce. Employee behaviour which is heavily controlled follows the pattern of Theory X, as opposed to the Theory Y which is intended to generate employee commitment. Theory X favours that managers exercise control and directed to achieve the organisational objectives with little flexibility for employees to use their initiative, whereas Theory Y believes that commitment to objectives is a function of the rewards associated with their achievements . Theory X managers have somewhat receded however employees are still being controlled under the assumption that businesses are using commitment methods for example flexible working practises and appraisals which will be discussed later. Commitment is intrinsic which requires more resources, however control is external and can be done more effectively than commitment. See appendix one for a model of McGregor’s theory. To control employee behaviour a number of measures have been utilised in the office environment that have enabled them to be observed by managers and recorded in order to monitor them while they are on the premises. By installing these devices it motivates the employee to work as they are constantly being monitored and therefore provides a sense of motivation for them to work as signs of slacking/unauthorised absence are recorded and used as evidence to support that fact . CCTV has evolved in recent years for businesses. Before, it was used as a common security device for the building, now, it has become a performance tool for mangers in which as a further measure to control their staff. This is done by highlighting those employees who are slacking to ensuring that proper procedure is being adhered to while on the premises. . This constant monitoring can have the effect of de-moralising employees as their every move in the workplace is being scrutinised. Job commitment however relegates CCTV to its previous function of security as management entrust employees to do their jobs, but now that CCTV has been turned in towards employees it is evident that control measures are being used instead of trying to create commitment. Yet CCTV is but one way of retaining control of staff in the workplace. For  instance, in McDonalds through the use of CCTV cameras, productivity has increased through unobtrusive CCTV coverage of workers and customers . An additional method which a business can use technology to monitor employees is the practice of electronic â€Å"clocking in† systems. These devices have been implemented in large businesses that employ a multitude of staff in which individual movement of employees can be difficult to trace. A business which has done this exactly this is Poundworld in which employees are electronically scanned into at the start of a shift and have the consequence of deduced salary if this process has been neglected . As a method of control, these devices can monitor exactly when an employee has begun their shift or when they have returned from their breaks etc. to ensure that they begin work at the proper time. This also ensures proper records can be maintained should any discrepancy arise regarding timekeeping. However this monitoring of movement may hamper employee commitment as they are constantly being recorded while on the premises for timekeeping plus they can feel dis-trusted by management as they are being constantly monitored for when they started their shift. Employers have minutely contributed to employee commitment with the use of Job Design which has been utilised to effect in certain companies such as Microsoft who use elements like job share to encourage employees in their roles Job Design is when the duties and the role of an employees’ position have been analysed and decided by management before they are employed or amending parts of an employees’ position while they are employed. Job Design permits an input from employees into their role of the organisation as they collaborate with management in which their position is defined. A further example of stimulating commitment with job design is when employees and employers discuss characteristics of the position that would suit the employee’s capabilities which in turn increases their motivation as the employers are permitting staff an input into designing their responsibilities in the job. However, employers have the opportunity to use job design to influence control of over their staff with the use techniques such as job expansion and job rotation with allow them to amend or add additional workload to their job which may not be to the employees benefit.  Furthermore, an employer has the ability to change the job design of staff to suit their requirements over employees depending on the situation without any input from employees. By way of strategically/tactically controlling their staff, management are employing the use of Management by Objectives for all members of staff to analyse if targets or goals are being met. This can be defined as â€Å"A methods of management whereby managers and employees define goals for each department, project, and person and use them to monitor subsequent performance† . Controlling behaviour is being used here as management are attaining the utmost effectiveness from a particular member of staff or individual department as their desired goals are measured against their actual goals and analyse if they have been accomplished. However commitment is being given to the staff/department as the decisions to how they achieve their stated goals has been de-centralised for them to decide. As technology has increased to such an extent, a business can take advantage of employing staff that do not have to work in the office environment through the use of flexible working contracts and providing them with equipment to work off-site. These contracts enable a business to offer their employees who are unable to travel or who have other commitment so actively continue working but in the confines of their own home or on the go by the use of a laptop or mobile phones. As employees are away from the office, a main disadvantage is that their working pattern cannot be monitored to ensure that they are actually fulfilling their tasks. As controlling behaviour has become more prevalent to management, software has be embedded to the technology issued to these homeworkers e.g. tracker and keystroke logs to monitor the use of laptops and phones during the day. For example, Freedom Direct, a holiday company offers such flexible contracts and issues those involved with hardware embedded with this surveillance software to safeguard against slacking while away from the eyes of management . However some companies now prefer to control their employees from one central organisation. For example Yahoo managing director has decided to ban employees from using home working to â€Å"build on corporate culture† however this has damaged commitment as many employees have been demoralised by this  decision that may affect their future in the company. . Furthermore, to bolster the claim of controlling employees, this ban on flexible practises was instigated after an investigation of employee logs showed it fell below the standard expected for their employees and therefore cut this form of employment from the organisation. . This therefore illustrates that electronic devices provided by organisation are monitored to ensure that duties are conducted. Employee commitment is therefore given an opportunity by senior management by permitting a group of employees to work away from the office on these contracts who might not have the opportunity to do so. This increases motivation and job satisfaction to the company as they would not lose any valuable staff plus have the ability to monitor these employees away from the office with the tracker software to monitor their actions during the working day. Control is again utilised as these employees are monitored no less than their counterparts in the office and are monitored with the identical software. Control has been favoured in organisations as those with the authority to make decisions in their department must to be held to account for those decisions should they prove to be incorrect. Accountability can be defined as â€Å"the fact that those people with authority and responsibility are subject to reporting and justifying task outcomes to those above them in the chain of command† . By having a clear and define line of authority from the managing director to the clerk, it is possible to identify who should be held to account and therefore justify their decisions should they prove them to be incorrect or disastrous. This can be de-moralising as these targets are not negotiable and therefore must be achieve which adds an element of stress. Managers often therefore are hesitant to issue instructions in which they know are difficult to achieve, yet this can bolster commitment within the company as employees, if informed, that these tasks are of some difficulty may strive to attain them to receive the department recognition for doing so. This therefore increases motivation as well as assists in team-building for the department as they are united in a common goal . Employee behaviour can be controlled by the use of annual appraisals of departments. This is the discussion in which an employee and manager decide  on the objectives and the action necessary to achieve them for the coming year. Appraisals are a two way discussion in which the employee states what they wish to achieve for the year and the manager offers guidance to do so, however this is again a method for which control even though employees perceive it as being a method for commitment. The employee may see appraisals as a method in which they are in control of what they want to achieve and not what the business wants them to do. This is an opportunity for managers to input targets or goals which the employee agrees on without knowing the magnitude of the task, however they must achieve as it has been stated on the appraisal document and could lead to a poor appraisal the subsequent year. Managers can use these to implement control over employees in which to dispel rewards to the employee thus motivates them to achieve their objectives. The threat of disciplinary action for repeated failure to attain objectives set out at appraisals is a sure way to coerce commitment in the workplace as employees will strive to achieve those objectives set at appraisals. Employers have the ability to produce commitment while still using control methods by the use of a health work/life balance. This can be defined as â€Å"concept that supports the efforts of employees to split their time and energy between work and the other important aspects of their lives† . While managers are allowing an employee to split their time between a professional and a private life they can still use methods such as monitoring social media to ensure that no derogatory remarks have been made against the organisation known as reputation management. It has been reported that 80% of a company’s workforce use social media sites in one way or another therefore the scope for badmouthing a company has increased. To combat this possibility 60% of selected businesses have proposed to implement software that would detect this . It is imperative that a business conform to the laws which dictate when an employee’s professional life ends and when a personal one begins as not to intrude. Having a healthy balance between personal and professional life enhances commitment to the organisation due to employees recognising that their business does not own them permanently and are permitted a life outside the office however are unobtrusively monitored to an extent. In order for senior management to exercise control over employees while they are in the workplace, management have re-employed the use of a well-defined and structured hierarchy in organisations in which they can delegate the operational control of the business to managers or first level employees who have a greater understand of how operations of the department are conducted. Middle management positions such as Assistant Managers for departments have returned to businesses due to the fact that the employees on this level support change to departments which may not be popular as well as focusing on the different strategies which have been set by the company . By re-introducing levels of management that may have been de-layered previously, companies are therefore increasing their Vertical differentiation to establish a clear line of authority in departments. This may be advantageous for commitment in departments that have a copious amount of staff as problems can be easily rectified, yet they can be seen as another level of management in which the business has established to ensure their corporate strategies are met irrespective to employee requirements. In order to control employees’ behaviour, businesses have invested in training and development programs to educate their workforce with various methods such as induction training through to university courses. Induction training is a period in which a new employee to the business is given training preceding their start in the business. This provides an opportunity for the member of staff to become aware of the procedures, policies and workplace culture that a business has. In order to train potential or existing staff some businesses have adopted a system of internal in-house training schemes that have been adapted especially to fit different purposes. Businesses such as McDonalds which have established educational institutes for potential staff to undertake for promotion or re-training or other reasons which would see those who graduate attain a recognised qualification . However due to their size and expense they are restricted to large highly profitable businesses. A purpose of these schools is to instruct that person on what is expected of them while in employment and how to undertake different duties, however these methods can be categorised as a method of control as these courses are pre-designed so that employees  should conform only to those that are taught as they expect them to be correct. Commitment can be fostered from this as employees may be more motivated and satisfied in their position as they have been trained to a degree so that they are competent in their role in the business and provide a sense of a good working environment to potential employees, plus as this is a recognised qualification this can be presented as part of an application as a symbol that they have enrolled and passed a course specifically designed to train members of staff. The drawback of control becomes the advantages of using commitment and should influence a business to implement commitment measures For example; Pfeffers’ model of high performance factors is heavily influenced as commitment measures that managers should consider to bolster the motivation of their workforce. However these are disguised as a further method of control as to attain these factors the workforce must demonstrate they are a viable working entity. The factors that constitute this model are Team working and de-centralised management, High pay and incentive, Employee Security, Extensive training and development, Narrow status differentials and Careful recruitment and selection. Cultural control is a method that managers can use to â€Å"define specific patterns of behaviour within a professional environment†. This behaviour has already been stipulated by the management of how they wish the workforce to conform and therefore expect these patterns to re-enforce organisational culture. A method in which an employee can become accustomed to the social norms of a workplace culture is through induction training. Therefore the accompanying member of staff would acquaint the new employee of the social norms that have been adopted by staff which they will conform to. This method of control is an example of how management quickly adapt staff to the methods of the workforce that have already been repeated for other staff. A company that would be perceived as having a poor corporate culture would be BP. In the wake of the oil spill in 2007 in which an inquiry was found to ascertain that intense cost cutting and efficiency measures demoralised the workforce therefore affected practises which precipitated the disaster through negligence of corporate culture. A final method in which businesses can control their workforce is through the monitoring of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter. The organisation will monitor their employees’ posts on these sites to ascertain they are behaving in an according manner or post any derogatory statements regarding the business or its staff. This is a method of control as staff are being monitored while they are on the premises as well as off therefore this encroaches into their personal life affecting the work/life balance. It has been reported that 60% of businesses by 2015 will have some monitor in place in order to track their workforce on social media sites in order to protect the business’s reputation or the brand they are selling . An example of a business that has used this is Proskauer Rose in which staff have it written into their contract of employment that they will be monitored on social media sites. Therefore to conclude, it would appear that mangers controlling employee behaviour has become more prevalent that endeavouring to attain employee commitment in organisations. This could be the case as controlling employees has become cheaper that resorting to measures to attain employee commitment as well as ensuring their effectiveness in the workplace as well as out of it . However there should be an even balance between control and commitment from managers to create a suitable working environment for employees as they would not prefer to working in a hostile business which treats them as a tool rather than one which treats them as a valuable resource. Using control methods such as technology and monitoring ensures that staff are adhering to policy set out in their contract. References Always Watching . (2010). Benefits of CCTV for your Business. Retrieved Feburary 19, 2013, from Always Watching.com: http://www.always-watching.com/benefits-of-cctv-for-your-business.html Anviz, Newsdesk. (2011, August). Anviz’s VF30 fingerprint time clock on Channel 4†²s ‘Undercover Boss’. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Security Newsdesk: http://www.securitynewsdesk.com/2011/08/10/anvizs-vf30-fingerprint-time-clock-on-channel-4s-undercover-boss/ Bednarz, T. (2013, January 15). Empowered Organisations Develop Employee Commitment. Retrieved Feburary 18, 2013, from Leaders to Leader: http://blog.majoriumbusinesspress.com/2013/01/15/empowered-organizations-develop-employee-commitment/ Broome, I. (2009, July 20). How CCTV can help improve your productivity. Retrieved Feburary 10, 2013, from IanBroome.com: http://iainbroome.com/how-cctv-can-help-improve-your-productivity Business Dictionary. (2013). What is Job Design. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from Business Dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/job-design.html Chertkow, M. (2012, August 24). CCTV is not just about security anymore – it’s performance management and productivity tool, too . Retrieved Feburary 19, 2013, from IT web Techforum: http://www.itweb.co.za/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=57970 CIPD. (2012, July). Employee Engagement. Retrieved March 7, 2013, from CIPD: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/employee-engagement.aspx#link_0 CIPD. (2012, April). Job Design. Retrieved Feburary 21, 2013, from CIPD: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/factsheets/job-design.aspx Clark, D. (2010, October 3). Theory X and Theory Y. Retrieved Feburary 25, 2013, from Officebroker.com: http://www.nwlink.com/~donclark/hrd/history/xy.html Cross, S. (2013). Examples of Cultural Controls in Organizational Structure. Retrieved March 7, 2013, from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/examples-cultural-controls-organizational-structure-13425.html Daft, R. (2008). The New Era of Management. Mason: Thomson South-Western. Daft, R Kendrick, M Vershinina N . (2010). Management. Hampshire: South Western Cengage Learning #. Dunn, C. (2012, November 29). More Employers Creating Social Media Polices for the Workplace. Retrieved March 19 , 2013, from Corporate Counsel: http://www.law.com/corporatecounsel/PubArticleCC.jsp? id=1202579655072&More_Employers_Creating_Social_Media_Policies_for_the_Workplace&slreturn=20130219093207 Farquhar, C. (1998). Middle Managers are Back: How Companies Have Come to Value Their Middle Managers. Farquhar, C. (1998). Middle Managers are Back. How Companies Have Come to Value Their Middle Managers. Free Dictionary. (2013). Control. Retrieved Feburary 19, 2013, from The Free Dictionary: http://www.thefreedictionary.com/control Heathfield, S. (2013). Work-life Balance. Retrieved Feburary 26, 2013, from About.com : http://humanresources.about.com/od/glossaryw/g/balance.htm Herscher, P. (2010, May 10). From BP and Wall Street: Corporate Culture Impacts Performance . Retrieved March 11, 2013, from Huffingston Post Businesses: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/penny-herscher/from-bp-and-wall-st-corpo_b_563211.html Improve. (2012, July 27). How far can Employers go in Controlling Employee Behaviour Off the Job . Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Improve: http://www.improve.com/How-far-can-Employers-go-in-Controlling-Employee-Behavior-Off-the-Job/4404# Johnson. (2013). Disadvantages of a Strong Matrix Organizational Structure. Retrieved Feburary 21, 2013, from Chron: http://smallbusiness.chron.com/disadvantages-strong-matrix-organizational-structure-59207.html Lipman, V. (2013, January 13). Why Are So Many Employees Disengaged? Retrieved Feburary 18, 2013, from Forbes: http://www.forbes.com/sites/victorlipman/2013/01/18/why-are-so-many-employees-disengaged/ Management Study Guide . (2008). Performance Appraisal and Performance Management. Retrieved Feburary 25, 2013, from Management Study Guide: http://www.managementstudyguide.com/performance-appraisal-and-performance-management.htm Maximize Social Media . (2012). Rapid Rise in Monitoring Employee Use of Social Media. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from Maximise, Social Media: http://maximizesocialmedia.com/social-media-management-rapid-rise-in-monitoring-employee-use-of-social-media Mighty Students. (2010). Elements of Job Design. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from Mighty Students: http://www.mightystudents.com/essay/Elements.Job.Design.68700 Peacock, L. (2010, November 25). McDonald’s launches foundation degree for staff. Retrieved March 4, 2013, from TheTelegraph: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/retailandconsumer/8157900/McDonalds-launches-foundation-degree-for-staff.html Reed, S. (2010, July 6). How to Manage Employee Behaviour. 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Sixty percent of companies will monitor employee social media use by 2015. Retrieved March 19, 2013, from The Wall: http://wallblog.co.uk/2012/07/02/sixty-percent-of-companies-will-monitor-employee-social-media-use-by-2015/ Twentyman, J. (2007). Keeping tabs (Staff monitoring). Twentyman, J. (2007, October 22). Staff monitoring: keeping tabs on homeworkers. Retrieved Feburary 21, 2013, from Personnel Today: http://www.personneltoday.com/articles/22/10/2007/42869/staff-monitoring-keeping-tabs-on-homeworkers.htm UK Business Information. (2013). The Benefits of in-house training. Retrieved April 2, 2013, from UK Business Information: http://www.business-information-uk.com/in-house-training.html Verheul, I. (2003). Commitment or control? Weiss, T. (2013, Feburary 27). Yahoo’s Mayer Slated Over ‘Foolish’ Home Working Ban. Retrieved Feburary 28, 2013 , from Tech Week Europe: http://www.techweekeurope.co.uk/news/yahoo-home-working-ban-108776 Wu, J. (2009). McDonaldisation and the Labour Process:Impacts and Resistance. Asian Social Science , 106. Bibliography Broome, I. (2009, July 20). How CCTV can help improve your productivity. Retrieved Feburary 10, 2013, from IanBroome.com: http://iainbroome.com/how-cctv-can-help-improve-your-productivity Business Dictionary. (2013). What is Job Design. Retrieved March 1, 2013, from Business Dictionary: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/job-design.html Improve. (2012, July 27). How far can Employers go in Controlling Employee Behaviour Off the Job . Retrieved March 8, 2013, from Improve: http://www.improve.com/How-far-can-Employers-go-in-Controlling-Employee-Behav  ior-Off-the-Job/4404# Reed, S. (2010, July 6). How to Manage Employee Behaviour. Retrieved Feburary 28, 2013, from Ezine Articles: http://ezinearticles.com/?How-to-Manage-Employee-Behaviour&id=4613259 Reference for Business. (2013). Management Levels. Retrieved Feburary 19 , 2013, from Reference for Business, Encyclopedia of Business 2nd Edition: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/management/Log-Mar/Management-Levels.html Twentyman, J. (2007). Keeping tabs (Staff monitoring). Verheul, I. (2003). Commitment or control? Appendix list 1. 1. Working on feedback: Read the feedback on your assignment carefully, then re-read the piece of work to see the areas that the feedback refers to. You might use a highlighter pen to cross-reference the feedback to your work, or to draw attention to corrections and suggestions. What has your tutor written (key points) What do you understand this to mean? 1. Good introduction, underpinned by theory 2. Critical and analytical throughout 3. Good reference base 4. Contextualised into subject 5. Good analysis 6. Must use references properly 7. Used references and examples to illustrate that points made are utilised in business. 8. Good research base 1. A well designed introduction that has been bolstered with the use of business theory to support the argument. 2. By being argumentative on both sides (control and commitment) it shows that there has been research done and concluded that one was more viable than the other. 3. A diverse range of sources has been used to collate examples e.g. journals books internet

Britain is a sexist society Essay

Sexism is prejudice or animosity towards gender, institutionally or personally. The term is most often used for women, but it is generally aimed for all genders. In the United Kingdom, in the past few years 72% of women claimed they got abused due to their workplaces. Compared to 67% in 2002, 72% of women said yes, when asked; if they had ever felt intimidated at work by a fellow employee. Even with these results, 81% of the women said that they would not report these cases to their managers because they would be shy or worried. In addition, they believe that being female harmed their chances of career progression (82%) in 2006, compared to 78% in 2002 because males are the dominant office culture. The main reasons that sexism takes place is because one gender will feel another gender is weaker and not as successful as another. They will feel as if they have not got the ability e. g: workplaces without giving them any chance to prove themselves. This is clearly a stubborn and an ignorant way to treat people. Sexism is certainly taking place in the UK and there are numerous ways, which denotes that sexism does manifest in this country, such as: making prejudice statements and using offensive terms. In addition there was someone paying you less because of gender, this would be sexism. If you make friends and talk to more people based on their personality, this will help fight sexism and also joining anti-sexist campaigns will help the community.

A Male Dominated Business World

A Male Dominated Business World Free Online Research Papers The business world today is far different from what it once was. Women have fought years to try and become equals in what was a mostly a male dominated business world. Now that they have gotten their foot in the door they want more. This means that they do not just want entry-level jobs, they want the managerial and executive positional that have usually been reserved for men. The old way of doing things is over and the business world has to adjust for the way that women operate. One of the largest concerns in business between men and women is their decision processing. In this paper I will argue the position that gender differences influence are likely to cause unethical actions to occur. An example of this conflict is seen in an article that was run in 1997 in the New York Times. This article discusses how male executives from Detroit’s â€Å"big three† auto makers entertain their potential clients through the lure of sex and alcohol. A poll taken in this article states, â€Å"that 49 percent of the men polled had entertained clients in the top-less bars, but only 5 percent of 66 saleswomen had (Meredith). It also states that after looking at expense reports from the previous year it was found that some executives had spent some $40,000 in this type of entertainment. Since these bars are right down the road, executives say that this is the easiest place to meet and work out possible deals. After reading this article, one thing that comes to mind is the differences in the choices that men and women made with this unethical behavior. I consider entertaining at a top-less bar an unethical practice because I do not believe that business should be con ducted in this type of forum. According to Dane Peterson, â€Å"gender differences in ethical beliefs are largely determined by how males and females perceive acceptable behavior for them by society† (47). The male executives in this article believe that taking other males to a top-less bar is acceptable by society because supposedly all men go to them one time in their lifetime. Women however see the situation in a very different light. They believe that this is a very degrading activity to conduct a business environment. This is why it is not very common for women to take potential clients to a top-less bar. A person’s perception of acceptable behavior is typically a normal facet of their everyday life. Michael Betz says, â€Å"the ‘gender socialization’ approach asserts that the sexes bring different values and traits to their work roles, which, in turn, differentially shape their work-related interests, decisions, and practices† (322). For a normal male, interests usually include women, sports, and alcohol. Because of these interest males try to include them whenever possible in a setting when other males are present. The reason that the male executives from the auto firms chose to take their potential clients, which were usually male, to a top-less bar is because they shared similar interest and it made getting to know one another better. This is also the case of why many business deals are constructed at sporting events where there is usually alcohol and women around to make the environment more to the liking of males. Men and women have different views on how they should strive to succeed in business. Betz says, â€Å"men are more likely to work long hours and break rules because men view achievement as competition, as a game to be won. Conversely, woman are though to place less emphasis on competitive success and more on doing task well and promoting harmonious relationships† (322). In the New York Times article it states that when the CEO’s of the three auto manufactures were asked if they condoned lunches at top-less bars they said not at all, and if people from the company were practicing that type of entertainment to bring in business they will be dismissed. Most of the executives that were hosting these parties were male. They did not care if they were breaking the rules through an unethical action; all they cared about was the competition of getting another client. They were not interested in getting to know their new friends or how much they spent to get them, they just wanted their business. If presented with the same situation a woman would not go to such extravagant measures to buy a client. A woman in business tries to establish a long-standing relationship with the client. This attention to detail is what makes them so appealing because they cannot rely on excessive spending to attract prospective clients. 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